Development of a SETS-Based Physics E-Module on Optics Material to Support Senior High School Students’ Reflective Thinking Skills

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a physics e-module based on Science, Environment, Technology, and Society (SETS) for optics material and to examine its validity, practicality, and potential effectiveness in supporting students’ reflective thinking skills. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the DDD-E model (Decide, Design, Develop, Evaluate). The preliminary study involved one physics teacher and 35 eleventh-grade students at SMA Negeri 6 Bulukumba, while the product trial involved the same 35 students in the 2025/2026 academic year using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected through expert validation sheets, a student response questionnaire, and a reflective thinking skills test. Data were analyzed using Aiken’s V, descriptive percentage analysis, and N-Gain. The results showed an Aiken’s V value of 0.98, indicating very high validity. Student responses consisted of 34% very positive, 52% positive, and 14% fairly positive responses, with 86% categorized as positive or very positive. The mean reflective thinking score increased from 44.5 on the pretest to 83.1 on the posttest, with an average N-Gain of 0.71, categorized as high. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the developed e-module is valid and practical and has potential to support students’ reflective thinking skills. Because the study used a one-group pretest-posttest design without a control group, the findings should not be interpreted as definitive causal evidence.